Which of the following managerial roles is not supported by information systems?

In the context of managerial roles, the role of "leader" is characterized by the ability to inspire and motivate employees while guiding them towards the achievement of organizational goals. While information systems can assist leaders by providing data that supports decision-making and performance tracking, the essence of leadership is inherently interpersonal and behavioral, relying more on human interaction than on digital systems.

Information systems excel at supporting analytical and operational roles, providing valuable insights for decision-making and resource management. These systems enable managers to efficiently allocate resources, serve as spokespeople for the organization by disseminating information, and act as a nerve center for processing operational data and coordinating activities within the organization. In contrast, the nuanced and often subjective aspects of leadership—such as emotional intelligence, team dynamics, and culture building—cannot be fully managed or enhanced through information systems alone, making this role less supported by technology.