Which model is used to analyze direct and indirect costs for technology implementations?

The total cost of ownership (TCO) model is used to analyze both direct and indirect costs associated with technology implementations. TCO provides a comprehensive view of all expenses related to the acquisition, operation, and maintenance of technology over its lifecycle. This includes not just the initial purchase price, but also factors such as installation costs, training for users, ongoing maintenance and support, infrastructure costs, and any associated downtime.

By considering these various elements, TCO helps organizations to make informed decisions regarding investments in technology by understanding the full financial implications beyond the immediate costs. This model is particularly valuable in the context of long-term investments, where indirect costs can significantly impact the overall expenditure associated with the technology.

The other options, while related to financial assessment in technology contexts, focus on different aspects. Return on investment (ROI) measures the financial return relative to the investment made, which is oriented more towards evaluating profitability rather than understanding total costs. The breakeven point focuses on the point at which total revenues equal total costs, which is typically used in contexts of sales and not specifically for comprehensive cost evaluation in technology. Cost-benefit analysis is a broader approach that weighs the benefits of a project against its costs, but it does not explicitly detail the total ownership costs in