What is required to run a Java program on a computer?

To run a Java program on a computer, a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) must be installed. The JVM is essential because it serves as the runtime environment that executes Java bytecode, which is the compiled format of Java programs. When a Java program is run, the JVM translates the bytecode into machine code that the operating system can understand, thereby enabling the execution of the program.

Without the JVM, the Java application cannot run, as there would be no mechanism in place to interpret the bytecode. This is a fundamental aspect of Java's design, which emphasizes portability; Java programs can run on any device or operating system that has the appropriate JVM, making them platform-independent.

The other options touch on different aspects of Java usage but do not address the core need for the JVM in executing a program. For instance, while some applications may involve servers or applets, the basic necessity remains the JVM. The notion of a "miniature program" to download or the idea that no specialized software is needed contradicts the requirement for the JVM, which must be present for Java programs to function correctly.