Data management technology principally includes which of the following?

Data management technology primarily focuses on the software that organizes, manages, and retrieves data from physical storage media. This includes database management systems (DBMS), data warehousing solutions, and tools that facilitate data modeling, data integration, and data governance. Such software plays a crucial role in defining how data is stored, maintained, and accessed, ensuring that data is handled efficiently and effectively.

While physical hardware used for data storage and the hardware and software for data transfer are important components of the broader data ecosystem, they do not solely define data management technology. Furthermore, preprogrammed instructions for hardware coordination relate more to the functioning of the hardware itself rather than the management and organization of data. Therefore, the focus on software that specifically organizes and manages data aligns directly with the essence of data management technology.