A supply chain driven by actual customer orders or purchases follows which model?

The correct answer is the pull-based model, which is characterized by its responsiveness to actual customer demand. In this model, production and inventory management are based on specific customer orders rather than forecasts or predictions. This means that items are produced only when there is a confirmed demand from customers, allowing for greater flexibility and reduced waste in the supply chain.

This approach contrasts sharply with other models like the push-based model, where production is driven by forecasts and inventory is "pushed" through the supply chain based on expected demand. The build-to-stock model also follows a proactive approach, producing items in advance and building inventory in anticipation of customer needs, which can lead to excess stock and potential obsolescence if the forecasts are inaccurate. The replenishment-driven model focuses on restocking inventory based on predetermined levels rather than direct customer demand.

In a pull-based model, the focus is on meeting actual consumer needs, enabling businesses to operate more efficiently by aligning production directly with market demand, thereby optimizing inventory levels and reducing the costs associated with unsold products.